Hydrogeological scheme and steady state flow model of the Vico Lake basin

Cimino-vicano magmatic province belongs to an uplifted line, with respect to the surrounding area, oriented NNW-SSE where the highest relief is represented by Mount Cimino (1052 m a.s.l.).
The morphology of Cimino area is represented by several domes collocated radially from the principal mount, in contrast to the Vico volcanic area, where an evident morphological relief surrounds the lava emission centre.
Lake Vico lies in a volcanic basin created by several collapses due to the emptying of the magma chamber. The volcanic cone of Mount Venere (838 m a.s.l.) stands inside the caldera. The eccentricity location of the cone is probably a result of the closure of the magma fissures, as a consequence of the areal collapse, leading to the rising of the magma in a preferential way (Cimarelli et al., 2008).
The lake surface lies in the most depressed area of the caldera and cover approximately 12 km² over 41 km² of the entire hydrological basin. The lake is surrounded by flat areas of limited extension, mainly represented by Loc. Pantanaccio to the North and Loc. Procoio to the East.
For the entire perimeter of the lake, the plains into the basin are interrupted by abrupt changes of slope towards caldera edges, where the highest reliefs are represented by Mount Fogliano (964 m) to the West and Poggio Nibbio (896 m) to the North.
The southern part of the caldera (a naturally endoreic basin) presents an artificial outlet (Rio Vicano) built in Roman or Etrurian age. Subsequently the Farnese started the control of the lake surface elevation by installing a manual gate in XVI century. According to Ugolini (L'universo IGM, 1921), the elevation of the lake surface has suffered a lowering from 527 m a.s.l. to the actual 510 m a.s.l. [...]