Schneider's dynamic model (2003)

It can be used for every language (I modelli che c’erano prima potevano essere usati solo per l’inglese)

1. Foundation: English arrives in a new territory and bilingualism start. Whenever people move, they move together with the language. The 2 languages are in contact.
2. Exonormative stabilization: mother country provides norms, + elite bilingualism (borrowing)
3. Nativization: settlers’ habits weakened, and a new English is born
4. Endonormative stabilization: new linguistic norm
5. Differentiation: maybe in dialects

Diglossia: typical of Arabic, written variety and spoken variety. Prestigious variety used by speaker to write and practical variety is used to write but they coexist.