Low Reynolds aerodynamics for Mars flying exploration

The primary aim of this research was to improve the modeling of numerical methods used to replicate and understand laminar separation bubbles, covering both compressible and incompressible flows across a range of Reynolds numbers. Special attention was given to low-Reynolds number flows, particularly relevant for flight conditions in the Martian atmosphere at subsonic speeds. The focus was on utilizing Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations (RANS) techniques, with turbulence modeling playing a crucial role in addressing challenges such as transition position determination and turbulent kinetic energy generation. The presence of separation bubbles added complexity, requiring precise modeling of turbulence levels within the recirculation region to accurately reproduce pressure recovery and bubble characteristics. Comparisons among different methods and models, through the execution of test cases, provided insights for numerical simulations of laminar separation bubbles, including transition position, turbulent kinetic energy production augmentation, bubble progression, angle of incidence effects, and potential bubble ruptures and their impact on stall characteristics.

Extensive analysis of methods for analyzing laminar boundary layer buckling was conducted after performing Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis on 2D profiles, leading to the development of a comprehensive database for extracting crucial information on turbulence-free flow conditions. This information was instrumental in configuring Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations, resulting in the development of a code capable of providing levels of turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation frequency based on Mach and Reynolds conditions, as well as the profile’s geometry.

Subsequently, a dedicated phase of analysis focused on 3D simulations, particularly on designing a wing for a Martian drone. This extended investigation explored the effects of three-dimensionality on aerodynamic behavior, revealing how geometric complexity influences flow interactions and laminar separation characteristics. This deeper understanding provided insights into the performance of wings in subsonic conditions on Mars.